Ama-brake pads ayizingxenye zokuphepha ezibaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lwamabhuleki, olubamba iqhaza elibalulekile kwikhwalithi ye-brake effect, futhi i-brake pad enhle ivikela abantu nezimoto (izindiza).
Okokuqala, umsuka wamabhuleki pads
Ngo-1897, u-HerbertFrood wasungula ama-brake pads okuqala (esebenzisa intambo kakotini njenge-reinforcing fiber) futhi wawasebenzisa ezinqoleni ezidonswa ngamahhashi nasezimotweni zakuqala, okwasungulwa ngazo Inkampani edume umhlaba wonke i-Ferodo. Kwathi ngo-1909, inkampani yasungula ibhuleki lokuqala eliqinile emhlabeni elisekelwe ku-asbestos; Ngo-1968, kwasungulwa ama-brake pads okuqala emhlabeni asuselwa ku-semi-metal, futhi kusukela lapho, izinto zokungqubuzana seziqalile ukuthuthukela ekungangeni kwe-asbestos. Ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe baqala ukutadisha izinhlobonhlobo zemicu ye-asbestos esikhundleni se-fiber yensimbi, i-glass fibre, i-aramid fiber, i-carbon fibre nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintweni zokungqubuzana.
Okwesibili, ukuhlukaniswa kwama-brake pads
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlukanisa izinto zamabhuleki. Omunye uhlukaniswe ukusetshenziswa kwezikhungo. Njengezinto zamabhuleki emoto, izinto zamabhuleki esitimela kanye nezinto zokubhuleka zendiza. Indlela yokuhlukanisa ilula futhi kulula ukuyiqonda. Eyodwa ihlukaniswe ngokohlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo. Le ndlela yokuhlukanisa ingokwesayensi kakhulu. Izinto zesimanje zamabhuleki ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa lezi zigaba ezintathu ezilandelayo: izinto zamabhuleki ezisekelwe ku-asbestos (izinto zamabhuleki e-asbestos, izinto zamabhuleki angewona awe-asbestos, izinto zamabhuleki ezisekelwe ephepheni), izinto zokubhuleka ze-metallurgy okuyimpushana, izinto zokubhuleka ezihlanganisiwe zekhabhoni/ikhabhoni kanye nezinto zamabhuleki ezenziwe nge-ceramic.
Okwesithathu, izinto zokubopha imoto
I-1, uhlobo lwezinto zokubhuleka zezimoto ngokwezinto zokukhiqiza zihlukile. Ingahlukaniswa ngeshidi le-asbestos, ishidi le-semi-metal noma ishidi lensimbi ephansi, ishidi le-NAO (i-asbestos yamahhala ephilayo), ishidi le-carbon carbon kanye neshidi le-ceramic.
1.1.Ishidi le-Asbestos
Kusukela ekuqaleni, i-asbestos isetshenziswe njengento yokuqinisa ama-brake pads, ngoba i-asbestos fiber inamandla amakhulu nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ngakho-ke ingakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zama-brake pads kanye nama-clutch discs nama-gaskets. Le fibre inamandla okuqina okuqinile, ingafanisa ngisho nensimbi yezinga eliphezulu, futhi ingamelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu angu-316 ° C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-asbestos ishibhile. Ikhishwa ku-amphibole ore, etholakala ngobuningi emazweni amaningi. Izinto ze-asbestos friction ikakhulukazi zisebenzisa i-asbestos fiber, okuyi-hydrated magnesium silicate (3MgO · 2SiO2 · 2H2O) njengefayibha yokuqinisa. I-filler yokulungisa izakhiwo zokungqubuzana iyengezwa. I-organic matrix eyinhlanganisela yezinto itholakala ngokucindezela ingcina ekubunjweni kokucindezela okushisayo.
Ngaphambi kwawo-1970. Amashidi ohlobo lwe-asbestos asetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni. Futhi wabusa isikhathi eside. Nokho, ngenxa yokusebenza kabi kokudlulisa ukushisa kwe-asbestos. Ukushisa kwefriction akukwazi ukuchithwa ngokushesha. Kuzokwenza ukuthi ungqimba olushisayo lokubola lwendawo yokungqubuzana lujiye. Khulisa ukugqokwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Okwamanje. Amanzi ayikristalu efayibha ye-asbestos adlula ngaphezu kuka-400 ℃. Impahla ye-friction incishiswe kakhulu futhi ukuguga kukhuphuka kakhulu lapho ifinyelela ku-550 ℃ noma ngaphezulu. Amanzi ekristalu alahlekile kakhulu. Isithuthukisi silahlekile ngokuphelele. Okubaluleke nakakhulu. Kufakazelwe ngokwezempilo. I-Asbestos iyinto elimaza kakhulu izitho zokuphefumula zomuntu. July 1989. I-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yase-US yamemezela ukuthi izokwenqabela ukungeniswa, ukukhiqizwa, nokucutshungulwa kwayo yonke imikhiqizo ye-asbestos ngo-1997.
1.2, ishidi le-semi-metal
Iwuhlobo olusha lwempahla yokungqubuzana eyakhiwe ngesisekelo sezinto eziphilayo zokungqubuzana kanye nezinto ezivamile zokungqubuzana kwempushana. Isebenzisa imicu yensimbi esikhundleni semicu ye-asbestos. Yimpahla engeyona ye-asbestos eyakhiwe yi-American Bendis Company ekuqaleni kwawo-1970.
"Semi-metal" hybrid brake pads (Semi-met) enziwa ikakhulukazi ngoboya bensimbi obuqinile njengefayibha eqinisayo kanye nengxube ebalulekile. I-Asbestos kanye nama-non-asbestos organic brake pads (NAO) angahlukaniswa kalula nokubukeka (imicu emihle nezinhlayiya), futhi anezici ezithile kazibuthe.
Izinto ze-semi-metallic friction zinezici ezilandelayo eziyinhloko:
(l) Izinzile kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-coefficient of friction. Ayikhiqizi ukubola okushisayo. Ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa;
(2) Ukumelana nokugqoka okuhle. Ukuphila kwesevisi izikhathi ezingu-3-5 kunezinto zokungqubuzana kwe-asbestos;
(3) Ukusebenza okuhle kokungqubuzana ngaphansi komthwalo ophezulu kanye ne-coefficient yokungqubuzana okuqinile;
(4) Ukuhamba kahle kwe-thermal. I-gradient yezinga lokushisa incane. Ifaneleka ngokukhethekile imikhiqizo emincane yamabhuleki ediski;
(5) Umsindo omncane wamabhuleki.
I-United States, i-Europe, i-Japan namanye amazwe aqala ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezinkulu ngawo-1960. Ukumelana nokugqokwa kweshidi le-semi-metal lingaphezulu kuka-25% ngaphezu kwalokho kweshidi le-asbestos. Njengamanje, inesikhundla esiphezulu emakethe yamabhuleki e-China. Futhi izimoto eziningi zaseMelika. Ikakhulukazi izimoto nabagibeli kanye nezimoto zezimpahla. I-semi-metal brake line ibalwe ngaphezu kwama-80%.
Kodwa-ke, umkhiqizo unamaphutha alandelayo:
(l) I-fiber yensimbi kulula ukugqwala, kulula ukunamathela noma ukulimaza umbhangqwana ngemva kokugqwala, futhi amandla omkhiqizo ayancipha ngemva kokugqwala, futhi ukugqoka kuyanda;
(2) Ukushisa okuphezulu kwe-thermal, okulula ukubangela ukuthi isistimu yebhuleki ikhiqize ukumelana negesi ekushiseni okuphezulu, okuholela kungqimba lwe-friction kanye ne-steel plate detachment:
(3) Ukuqina okuphezulu kuzolimaza izinto ezimbaxambili, okuzophumela engxoxweni nomsindo wokubhuleka we-low-frequency;
(4) Ukuminyana okuphezulu.
Nakuba "i-semi-metal" ingenakho ukushiyeka okuncane, kodwa ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okuhle kokukhiqiza, intengo ephansi, kuseyinto ethandwayo yama-brake pads ezimoto.
1.3. Ifilimu ye-NAO
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, kwakunezinhlobonhlobo ze-hybrid fiber eziqiniswe ngamabhuleki angenawo i-asbestos emhlabeni, okungukuthi, isizukulwane sesithathu se-asbestos-free organic matter NAO type brake pads. Inhloso yaso ukuvala iziphambeko ze-steel fibre single reinforced semi-metallic brake materials, imicu esetshenziswa i-plant fiber, i-aramong fibre, i-glass fibre, i-ceramic fibre, i-carbon fibre, i-mineral fibre nokunye. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemicu eminingi, amafayibha aku-brake lining ayahambisana ekusebenzeni, futhi kulula ukuklama ifomula yomugqa wamabhuleki ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu okubanzi. Inzuzo eyinhloko yeshidi le-NAO ukugcina umphumela omuhle we-braking ekushiseni okuphansi noma okuphezulu, ukunciphisa ukuguga, ukunciphisa umsindo, nokwandisa impilo yesevisi ye-brake disc, emele isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa samanje sezinto zokungqubuzana. Izinto ezisetshenziswa yizo zonke izinhlobo ezidumile emhlabeni ze-Benz/Philodo brake pads isizukulwane sesithathu se-NAO-asbestos-free organic material, ekwazi ukubhuleka ngokukhululeka kunoma ikuphi ukushisa, ivikele impilo yomshayeli, futhi yandise impilo yebhuleki. idiski.
1.4, ishidi le-carbon carbon
I-Carbon carbon composite friction material iwuhlobo lwempahla ene-carbon fibre reinforced carbon matrix. Izici zayo zokungqubuzana zinhle kakhulu. Ukuminyana okuphansi (insimbi kuphela); Izinga eliphezulu lomthamo. Inamandla okushisa aphezulu kakhulu kunezinsimbi ze-powder metallurgy nensimbi; Ukushisa okuphezulu; Ayikho i-deformation, i-adhesion phenomenon. Izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo lifika ku-200 ℃; Ukusebenza okuhle nokuqina kokuqina. Impilo ende yesevisi. I-coefficient ye-friction izinzile futhi imaphakathi ngesikhathi sokubhuleka. Amashidi ayinhlanganisela yekhabhoni nekhabhoni aqale ukusetshenziswa ezindizeni zempi. Kamuva yamukelwa izimoto zomjaho ze-Formula 1, okuwukuphela kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-carbon carbon kuma-brake pads ezimoto.
I-Carbon carbon composite friction material iyimpahla ekhethekile enokuqina okushisayo, ukumelana nokugqoka, ukuqhutshwa kukagesi, amandla athile, ukunwebeka okuqondile nezinye izici eziningi. Kodwa-ke, izinto ze-carbon-carbon composite friction nazo zinamaphutha alandelayo: i-coefficient ye-friction ayizinzile. Kuthinteka kakhulu umswakama;
Ukumelana ne-oxidation okungekuhle (i-oxidation enzima ivela ngaphezu kwama-50 ° C emoyeni). Izidingo eziphakeme zemvelo (eyomile, ehlanzekile); Kubiza kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kukhawulelwe ezinkambini ezikhethekile. Lesi futhi isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani ukukhawulela izinto ze-carbon carbon kunzima ukukhuthazwa kabanzi.
1.5, izingcezu ze-ceramic
Njengomkhiqizo omusha ezintweni zokungqubuzana. Amabhuleki e-Ceramic anezinzuzo zokungabi nomsindo, akukho umlotha owelayo, akukho ukugqwala kwehabhu lamasondo, impilo ende yesevisi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokunye. Amabhuleki e-Ceramic asungulwa yizinkampani zamabhuleki zaseJapan ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Kancane kancane ube isithandwa esisha semakethe yamabhuleki.
Ummeleli ojwayelekile wezinto zokungqubuzana ezisekelwe ku-ceramic yizinhlanganisela ze-C/C-sic, okungukuthi, izinhlanganisela ze-carbon fiber eziqiniswe nge-silicon carbide matrix C/SiC. Abacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseStuttgart kanye ne-German Aerospace Research Institute baye bahlola ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ze-C/C-sic emkhakheni wokungqubuzana, futhi benza amabhuleki e-C/C-SIC azosetshenziswa ezimotweni ze-Porsche. I-Oak Ridge National Laboratory enezinhlanganisela ze-Honeywell Advnanced, i-HoneywellAireratf Lnading Systems, kanye nezinhlelo ze-Honeywell CommercialVehicle Le nkampani isebenzisana ukuze yakhe amabhuleki ayinhlanganisela e-C/SiC angabizi kakhulu ukuze athathe indawo yensimbi esakazwayo kanye namabhuleki ensimbi asetshenziswa ezimotweni ezithwala kanzima.
2, izinzuzo ze-carbon ceramic composite brake pad:
1, uma kuqhathaniswa namabhuleki ensimbi enziwe ngombala ompunga, isisindo se-carbon ceramic brake pads sincishiswa cishe ngo-60%, kanti isisindo esingamiswa sincishiswa cishe ngamakhilogremu angama-23;
2, i-coefficient ye-brake friction inokwenyuka okuphezulu kakhulu, isivinini sokusabela kwebhuleki siyakhuphuka futhi ukuncishiswa kwamabhuleki kuyancipha;
3, ukwelulwa okuqinile kwe-carbon ceramic materials kusuka ku-0.1% kuya ku-0.3%, okuyinani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinto zobumba;
4, i-ceramic disc pedal izizwa inethezeke ngokwedlulele, ingakhiqiza ngokushesha amandla amakhulu okubhuleka esigabeni sokuqala sokubhuleka, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokwandisa uhlelo lokusiza amabhuleki, futhi ukubhuleka jikelele kuyashesha futhi kufushane kunohlelo lwendabuko lokubhuleka. ;
5, ukuze umelane nokushisa okuphezulu, kukhona ukushisa kwe-ceramic phakathi kwe-brake piston kanye ne-brake liner;
6, i-ceramic brake disc inokuqina okungavamile, uma ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kuwukubuyisela mahhala impilo yonke, futhi i-disc ye-cast iron brake disc ngokuvamile isetshenziswa iminyaka embalwa ukushintshwa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-08-2023